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The History of Chinese Fans
May 16
The earliest surviving example of a fan from China is from a tomb in Hubei and dates to the Warring States Period (475 to 221 BC).
Most of the earliest fans that have been discovered have been from the old Kingdom of Chu where the fan seems to have been more firmly embedded into the culture than anywhere else. These Chu fans come in two categories; those up to two meters in length and designed to be wielded by servants, and those around 10 to 12 inches in length and are intended for personal use.
The first written record of fan appears in the Han Dynasty and coincidently is written on a fan. The Han Dynasty also sees the poem ‘Ode to Bamboo Fans’ by Ba Gu. At this time in history fans could be made from bamboo, ivory or wood - feather fans were particularly popular in Eastern China.
However it is in the Song Dynasty (960 to 1127) that the fan really comes into its own as an object of both art and culture. While the first person to have painted on a fan was supposedly Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it is in the reign of Song Emperor Huizong that the Imperial Painting Academy was established and the favoured medium was to paint on fans. At first most of the images painted on fans were landscapes but as the Dynasty went on then they began to experiments and paint scenes from nature - eventually the fan became a popular medium for calligraphy and poetry.
It was in 988 that the first ‘folding fans’ come to China. They are recorded as coming from Japan as a part of a tribute being sent to the Emperor. They did not immediately take off in China as they were seen as something for the lower classes; this was predominantly a consequence of the fact that they could not be painted in the same way as the large fixed fans and they did not require servants to use them so did not have the same social cachet.
It is not until the Ming Dynasty that folding fans begin to become more socially acceptable. In ‘Random Notes of the Spring Breeze Hall’ by Lu Shen there is a story of envoys from the South East during the early Ming Dynasty being laughed at simply because they carried folding fans. It was the Yongle Emperor who seems to have rehabilitated the folding fan and who gave them as gifts to favoured generals and courtiers. Slowly they lost their associations with the lower orders and replaced the fixed fan as the fan of choice. Many of these folding fans were produced in Sichuan and in Suzhou, according to one record over a million folding fans were sent from Sichuan to the imperial court each year (although another, perhaps more plausible account puts it at 10,000). Sichuan in particular was associated with silk fans and Suzhou with painted bamboo fans.
One spectacular discover was made in 1949 in Beijing when builders discovered a folding fan some 24 inches high and with a spread of 60 inches, it required repair but the writing on the fan declared that it had been painted by the Emperor Xuande (1426-1435) himself.
The first sandalwood folding fans emerged in the 1920’s and rapidly became popular as the sweet scent of the wood was the perfect medium for making fans.
The Fan in Art
Handled or fixed fans can be round, oblong, hexagonal, heart-shaped, sunflower-shaped on any one of a vast number of other shapes. The round shapes are usually the most highly regarded and lend themselves most easily to painting. The handles themselves also come in a huge variety with over a hundred different types such as thin onion, swallowtail, eggplant or butterfly. The shapes of the handles can be a useful way of dating a fan. On silk patterns can be painted, weaved, embroidered, pasted or drawn.
Folding fans comprise the spread and the frame. Those for men are usually around 12 inches long and those for women about 8 inches long. They can be grouped according to the number of ribs they have; 12, 14 or 16 are all common number of ribs.
In art figures often associated with fans include Zong Liquan - the Chief of the Daoist Immortals - who carries the fan as his emblem and it is reputed to have powers tp revive the dead, and Huang Xiang who is a symbol of filial piety as he fanned his father’s bedside on summer nights.
Pożyczki hipoteczne i budowlane w Banku BGŻ bez prowizji
W obecnym czasie w Banku BGŻ trwa promocja kredytów hipotecznych i budowlanych, w tym pożyczek preferencyjnych udostępnianych w ofercie programu Rodzina na swoim. W ofercie produktu Bank BGŻ nie pobiera opłaty przygotowawczej za użyczenie zobowiązania.
Wszyscy konsumenci, którzy złożą pełne wnioski pożyczkowe do 30 kwietnia 2011 r. i zdecydują się na otwarcie konta osobistego: Plan Aktywny, Plan 2, Plan 3, Plan Standardowy ewentualnie Konto Plus, z określonym miesięcznym wkładem w wielkości co najmniej 2.000 zł, nie uiszczą opłaty za udostępnienie zobowiązania.
Dzięki dużej sieci sprzedaży uruchomienie rachunku i złożenie wniosku pożyczkowego jest możliwe w }jakim kolwiek|dowolnym} oddziale Banku BGŻ bądź u współpracujących z bankiem pośredników internetowych.
Teraz marża kredytu może wynosić aż 1,05 proc, a RRSO od 6,2proc. W Banku BGŻ możliwe jest sfinansowanie 100% ceny mieszkania oraz kredytowanie pobocznych opłat (notarialnych, prawniczych). Nie licząc atrakcyjnego oprocentowania, Instytucja finansowa oferuje również scalanie przedmiotów kredytowania i gwarantuje długi czas spłacania do czterdziestu lat.
Nancy Pearl is a long-time librarian and writes book reviews for both local and national publications. Her book expertise and recommendations are gathered in Book Lust, a compilation of books of all genres for every mood, moment, and reason as is her catch-phrase.
Thumbing through Book Lust, you’ll find the most intriguing categories and descriptions of novels and non-fiction you most likely would never have thought to pick up! Pearl writes small plot summaries and shares personal thoughts on each title; just enough for a sample you’ll want to indulge more in.
I have chosen HUNDREDS of titles from Book Lust, yet it still constantly presents a multitude of new suggestions each time I pick it up. There are probably thousands of recommendations within Pearl’s masterpiece!
Pearl peppers Book Lust with several obscure, unique and intriguing categories; such as Black Humor, Elvis on my Mind, New Orleans, and Techno-Thrillers…it really is hard to single out just a few because all the categories are amazing. Pearl also features sections showcasing specific authors; such as Ian McEwan, Connie Willis, and Hamilton Basso, just to name a few. It will be nearly impossible for you to pick up this title and not walk away with some great ideas for your book wish list.
I am proud to say I’ve discovered some new favorite books through this title that I’ll never forget such as by Walter Sattherthwait, as well as some not-so-good titles like The Lecturer’s Tale by James Hynes.
Book lovers MUST pick up a copy of Book Lust if you haven’t already! You’re really missing out!
Kredyty bez BIK należą obecnie do zdecydowanie najczęściej zaciąganych produktów finansowych, jakie tylko przystępne są na całym rynku pożyczkowym – tak naprawdę non stop korzysta z nich całe mnóstwo osob, ciesząc się równocześnie wszystkimi ich wartościami. Trzeba jakkolwiek stwierdzić, że nie we każdych przypadkach są one tak celowym wyjściem, zatem najlepiej jest na początku jak najlepiej zrozumieć całą ich definicję.
Pożyczki bez bik przez internet są atrakcyjną propozycją przede wszystkim dla kogoś, kto jest w tym momencie w kłopotliwej sytuacji kredytowej i nie posiada żadnej zdolności płatniczej, co kompletnie zabiera mu jakiekolwiek szanse na zdobycie zwykłego kredytu w banku.
Trzeba niemniej pamiętać że Kredyty bez bik dla zadłużonych są zawsze droższe niz kredyt gotówkowy w instytucji bankowej.
Naprawdę warto jest zatem nieco bliżej zrozumieć wszystkie Kredyty bez zaświadczeń, nim postanowimy się na skorzystanie z tej pożyczki. Rzeczywiście, w wielu sytuacjach są one dobrym wyjściem, ale równocześnie istnieją sytuacje, kiedy stają się po prostu bezcelowe.